LAND-USE/LAND-COVER CHANGES FROM 1990 TO 2016 ON THE TERRITORY OF MANDI BAHAUDDIN CITY (PUNJAB, PAKISTAN)

Аннотация. Цель. Проанализировать изменения характера землепользования в г. Манди Бахоуддин (Пенджаб, Пакистан) в период активной градостроительной трансформации с 1996 по 2016 гг. Процедура и методы. Изучены пространственно-временные аспекты изменения землепользования в г. Манди Бахауддин, Пенджаб, Пакистан. Для исследования использованы многозональные спутниковые снимки Landsat TM, ETM+ и OLI/TIRS за 1990, 2000 и 2016 гг. Космоснимки получены с помощью ресурсов Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) и Earth Explorer. При создании растровых композитов использованы все каналы, дешифрирование проведено с помощью метода контролируемой классификации с использованием ERDAS Imagine 10.2. Выделены три класса объектов: сельскохозяйственные земли, пустоши и застроенная территория. Результаты. Проведённый анализ показал, что площадь застройки и пустошей увеличились на 30 и 58% соответственно, а сельскохозяйственные земли сократились на 88%. Теоретическая и практическая значимость. Обобщён материал по исследованной теме. Изменение землепользования (land use/land cover) связано не только с изменением окружающей среды, но и социума, и представляет существенный теоретический и практический интерес. В первую очередь это относится к развивающимся странам, таким, как Пакистан. В качестве объекта исследования выбран г. Манди Бахауддин, отличающийся стремительным ростом населения. Результаты работы показали изменения в характере землепользования и переход от сельского хозяйства к городской застройке. Показано ведущее значение урбанизации в смене характера землепользования. Ключевые слова: земля, землепользование, изменение земельного покрова, природная среда, урбанизация


Introduction
Land use/ land cover (LULC) is the phenomenon that changes the natural environment and social life [1][2][3] . It is a process of conversion of one type of land into another . The term land use/land cover can be defined as changes in land use due to social actions for different reasons, like farming development, settlement, transportation, etc .
[2] . The pattern of land use is not stable and has been changing gradually over the years [1] . Land-use changes cause major environmental problems in the world as well as in Pakistan [2] In this study, LULC changes are associated with cultivation, industrial and residential development of the Mandi Bahauddin city . The rapid growth in population reduces natural resources for survival over the past few years [3] . Intra-city migration, infrastructure, road networking and provision of basic life necessities in Mandi Bahauddin create barriers for urban planners and administrators . Land-use/ cover change exposure is necessary to quantify the landscape changing aspects during a known period for sustainable management [1] . Understanding land-use changes are very significant for decision making and effective land management .
Currently, satellite data are very helpful for the conversion exposure in land use/land cover [6][7] . After the invention of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing, it becomes easy to classify and calculate the area for agricultural, residential and industrial zones . Application of satellite imagery makes imaginable to detect the change in land use/land cover in different periods, at little expense and correctness [2] . Landsat image thematic mapper (TM) represents constant proceedings of ground superficial . Today, most of the people are moving towards cities for the sake of facilities and convert barren and agricultural land into residential land [1] .
In the world, researchers have done work on land use/land cover, using satellite imagery data [10] . An attempt has been made in this study to quantify the pattern of land use/land cover in one of the developing city and compute the LULC expansion pattern in Mandi Bahauddin city of Punjab (Pakistan), in view to detect the land-use changes using geospatial techniques . Results show such normalized differences in residential land and agricultural land use .
More recent land-use changes caused the conversion of prime natural/agricultural land into residential and industrial areas [1] . Lyle [12] conducted a research on urban sprawl, pattern, and measurement in Lokoja, Nigeria . The study selected ten neighborhoods, used remote sensing techniques, and identified areas of urban residential development . Kearny [13] separated the areas into two major classes (residential and commercial) . The study analyzed the relationship between socio-economic and residential land use with biophysical variables . The result showed that residential land use was dominant, followed by commercial uses . The literature shows that the result of such studies could be utilized to generate a spatially explicit explanation to study residential land-use change [1] . McBratney et al . [15] studied trends of urbanization in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province of China . This study was conducted through Remote Sensing and GIS . This study revealed that there is a significant change in spatial characteristics of urban areas from 1934 to 2001, and land use from 1987 to 2001 [16] . Urban expansion displays fast and slow growth stages, with most of the districts shifting from the east or west side from the north or south side of the city [4] . According to researchers, the spatial outlines of urban growth have been observed by special objectives such as oriented type, normal urban growth type, and social-political intervention type [18] . The remotely detected land-use change from 1987 to 2001 shows that the land use was mostly transformed [19] . The land-use conversion relationship suggests that land-use change speeds up due to urbanization [20] . In an environmental framework, urbanization is considered as one of the most significant anthropogenic phenomena which rapidly alter the land [2] . Moreover, the other major factors of land-use change and urban growth are migration of population, industrialization and infrastructure development [3] . Beissinger et al, [1] presented research on South Africa about the challenges of economic growth and related policy, job creation, and provision of adequate infrastructure . It is a basic need of living people having a healthy environment [3] . This research paper focused on the health challenges faced by local people regarding national policy and the excess in the provision of basic services . Many of the insights highlighted are likely parallel to experience in other developing countries [12; 13] . Recently, research has been mainly focused to find out the impact of industrialization and urbanization on the environment . Such studies make use of the regression technique to find out the relation between the variables . The result of the research shows that health is influenced at a large by air pollution and other environmental indicators . The results also describe that carbon dioxide emission has a direct relation with the sanitation facility, whereas fossil fuel energy consumption and industrialization both have an indirect relation with the infant mortality rate in a country . The result of research also shows that the government's primary responsibility is to provide good outdoor air quality, less environmental pollution and health services . Similarly, Schowengerdt [24] explored the relationship of urban development with the modification of natural resources change and land-use patterns . The study describes that urbanization is a process that increases the modernization system and modifies the socioeconomic activities, which revolutionize the land-use pattern according to period . An unplanned urbanization causes too much problems for developing and developed countries [4] . In developing countries rapid urbanization has led to extensive land-use change [2] . This study revealed the historical urban growth phenomenon and analysis of land-use and land cover change of submetropolitan by utilizing remote sensing and GIS . Henderson [27] conducted a research on the land-use changes, explored that land use changes are followed by the urbanization and industrialization pattern . The phenomenon of urbanization and industrialization is highly dynamic and complex [28] . In early stages of urbanization, the natural resources are exploited very rapidly . The industrial sites have also developed near and even within urban areas . A number of studies [10; 27] were conducted to investigate the industrial structure evolution and adjustment in Pakistan . They state that the industrial structure changes and evolves overall trends in economy transforms .
With innovations and modern technology all industries have to be developed according to needs [29] . Researchers have analyzed the structure of industry and economy throughout Pakistan . This paper provides a history of the development of Pakistan and its impact on the economy of the country . The research suggests that industry can be developed through proper policy innovation . This study also concludes that there is an increase in the land value due to the presence of parks, neighborhood commercial land and even housing schemes .

Study area
This study was performed for the Mandi Bahaudin district, Pakistan, which is situated in the northeast of the country and covers an area of 2673 kmІ [30] . The elevation is about 204 m above sea level . Climatically, the area in question has moderate climate . On average, the area receives about 50 cm rainfall . The average maximum and minimum temperatures are 45°C and 12°C, respectively . Cultivation is the main financial activity that is characterized by the canal system . Both agriculture and livestock are equally important for the economy of the area under study; as a growing city, the number of social and economic activities has increased due to which one can observe numerous changes in natural land . The dominant crop types include sugarcane, wheat, rice, citrus, and guava . The total population of the area is 1 .41 million . The population growth is about 1 .87% [28] . Growing population is engaged in different activities to run the social-economic cycle of the family . The more the population the more the land usage; therefore, this study gives an overview of land-use and land-cover change by RS-and GISbased techniques .
The Landsat satellite series was launched in 1972 and now includes a vast number of time-series images [12] . Landsat images have been broadly used to classify landuse/land-cover changes [15] . The imagery used for this study was downloaded from the USGS website . The data is collected by using three different periods i .e . 3 May 1990, 3 May 2000 and 3 May 2016 . The difference in the months of the collected data can affect the results of the classification . Landsat 4-5 TM 1990, Landsat 7 ETM+ 2000 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS were obtained by using the Earth Explorer . The imagery was processed by using ERDAS and ArcMap . The table below provides information about data collection sources and the nature of data used in the study for spatial analysis and findings .
After downloading the imagery, classification is performed using the Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) . The area in question is then clipped from the downloaded imagery and the clipped images are classified . To check out the LULC changes, a supervised classification method is applied, by three categories i .e . built-up area, barren land and agriculture land . After classification, in the next step, the raster image converts into a shapefile for spatial analysis in ArcMap . In this study, the shapefile of the imagery, i .e .

Result and Discussion
The results obtained by the analysis of satellite imageries are demonstrated in Fig . 2, which illustrates the LULC changes in different categories, and  (Table 2) .
Data listed in Table 2

Conclusion
One of the developing districts of Punjab in the city of Mandi Bahauddin is examined . The study advocates that multi-temporal satellite imagery plays an important role in the spatial and temporal phenomenon, which is not imaginable through conventional mapping . The study exposes that the main land use in the area in question is for agricultural purposes . Urbanization as a global multiple process rapidly changes the land cover . The results show that human activities influence the natural land, with urbanization being the major cause of LULC change . The combination of rapid population growth, political change and rapid technological development causes a major change in natural, social and economic growth in the country . Throughout the country, a rapid urban growth of the country is seriously outstripping the capacity of most cities to provide adequate services for their citizens . The results suggested that agriculture and industries should be shifted far away from the center of cities and settlements . Industrial development has expended from the center of the city to outside . This phenomenon causes irregular housing patterns and causes land degradation . New housing schemes should be adopted according to rules and regulations for sustainable urban planning . The formulation of the analysis of the results provides knowledge, policy guideline, and innovation, which will guide for finding solutions for global environmental problems . Источник: данные авторов / Source: authors' data .